EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON INCOME IMPOVERISHMENT IN ECUADOR.

The pandemic increased poverty worldwide. However, the mechanisms affecting its determining factors still need to be clarified. This paper studies this problem using a probabilistic model of poverty extended with pandemic incidence variables and applying logistic regression at the household level. For the case of Ecuador, we use the December rounds of the 2019 and 2020 National Survey for Employment, Underemployment and Unemployment (ENEMDU), the administrative record of the Covid-19 epidemiological report, and the administrative history of deaths. The results show that the pandemic's impact on poverty was through the gender gap and labor market structure. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] La pandemia incrementó la pobreza a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, no se tiene claridad sobre los mecanismos de afectación en sus determinantes. En el presente artículo se estudia este problema utilizando un modelo probabilístico de la pobreza extendido con variables de incidencia de la pandemia, y aplicando una regresión logística a nivel de hogar. Para el caso de Ecuador se utiliza las rondas de diciembre de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Subempleo y Desempleo (ENEMDU) de 2019 y 2020, el registro administrativo del reporte epidemiológico de Covid-19 y el registro administrativo de defunciones. Los resultados muestran que los canales de impacto de la pandemia en pobreza se dieron a través de la brecha de género y la estructura del mercado laboral. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Characterization of Airborne Pathogen Transmission in Turbulent Molecular Communication Channels

Airborne pathogen transmission mechanisms play a key role in the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. In this work, we propose a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to model and statistically characterize airborne pathogen transmission via pathogen-laden particles in turbulent channels from a molecular communication viewpoint. To this end, turbulent flows induced by coughing and the turbulent dispersion of droplets and aerosols are modeled by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with realizable k-epsilon model and the discrete random walk model, respectively. Via the simulations realized by a CFD simulator, statistical data for the number of received particles are obtained. These data are post-processed to obtain the statistical characterization of the turbulent effect in the reception and to derive the probability of infection. Our results reveal that the turbulence has an irregular effect on the probability of infection which shows itself by the multimodal distributions as a weighted sum of normal and Weibull distributions. © 2022 IEEE.

Determination of the Morphological Characteristics of Eight Types of Protective Face Masks and Respirators

Respiratory infections have arisen as a public health concern. The regulation of COVID-19 is based on knowledge of its transmission mechanism. Masks and respirators act as a physical barrier against respiratory droplets that enter through the nose and mouth, as well as droplets spat by sick persons. Textile masks (including 'do-it-yourself'), surgical (medical) masks and respirators are the three basic types of personal protection devices, covering the human face. The purpose of our work is to give a study on the morphological features of masks and respirators, which are widely accessible in Bulgarian shops and pharmacies, revealing their structure and differences between them. The results will be further used for the assessment of heat and mass transfer abilities of the masks/respirators, which are largely preconditioned by the masks' morphology. © 2022 IEEE.

Establishment and Analysis of COVID-19 Models with Isolation Measures

Considering the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 and the isolation measures adopted, a SIR model with isolation measures and nonlinear infection rate was established, and the transmission trend of COVID-19 was obtained by simulation. The comparison of simulation results with COVID-19 data suggests that isolation measures have played a key role in controlling the outbreak. Different execution times of isolation measures were set in the model and multiple sets of simulation experiments were performed. The results showed that isolation measures should be implemented as soon as possible in order to control the epidemic as soon as possible. At the same time, in order to better control the development of the epidemic, the control in the later stages of the epidemic should not be reduced in strength. The research results can provide theoretical basis and guidance for the scientific prevention and control of COVID-19 and other large-scale infectious diseases in the future. © VDE VERLAG GMBH - Berlin - Offenbach.

Intervention-Aware Epidemic Prediction by Enhanced Whale Optimization

In recent decades, new epidemics have seriously endangered people’s lives and are now the leading cause of death in the world. The prevention of pandemic diseases has therefore become a top priority today. However, effective prevention remains a difficult challenge due to factors such as transmission mechanisms, lack of documentation of clinical outcomes, and population control. To this end, this paper proposes a susceptible-exposed-infected-quarantined (hospital or home)-recovered (SEIQHR) model based on human intervention strategies to simulate and predict recent outbreak transmission trends and peaks in Changchun, China. In this study, we introduce Levy operator and random mutation mechanism to reduce the possibility of the algorithm falling into a local optimum. The algorithm is then used to identify the parameters of the model optimally. The validity and adaptability of the proposed model are verified by fitting experiments to the number of infections in cities in China that had COVID-19 outbreaks in previous periods (Nanjing, Wuhan, and Xi’an), where the peaks and trends obtained from the experiments largely match the actual situation. Finally, the model is used to predict the direction of the disease in Changchun, China, for the coming period. The results indicated that the number of COVID-19 infections in Changchun would peak around April 3 and continue to decrease until the end of the outbreak. These predictions can help the government plan countermeasures to reduce the expansion of the epidemic. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Modes of Transmission of Novel Corona Virus (NCov)

BACKGROUND:- The global breakout in the new SARS-Coronavirus 2 have prompted many interrogations concerning this virus's origins & spread. The already stated information of the modes based on transferal also measuring the efficacy in regards to prophylactic estimates will support within limiting this COVID-19 upsurge. SARS-Coronavirus-2 transmission mechanisms have now been identified as respiratory droplets, physical contact and airborne. On the other hand researchers are looking into some of the other possible modes of transmission with some studies showing that the virus spreads through feces-oral, conjunctival secretion(eyes), sexual transmission, mother-to-fetal transmission, surface contact, saliva and asymptomatic carriers. The major goal of this review is to gain a better understanding of SARS-Coronavirus-2 transmission in addition to make exhortation for consist of along with avoiding the novel coronavirus. From its very beginning in Wuhan, China in December 2019, SARS CoV-2 has afflicted more than 31 million people worldwide, resulting in even more than 2 million fatalities. The world continues to be in the dark about a definite therapy for this extremely communicable diseases. Until then, we must depend on tried-and-true techniques to slow or prevent the spread of this viral disease, such as social withdrawal, hand cleanliness, and using a facial mask. OBJECTIVE:- The main goal of that kind of review article would be to focus on various methods of virus infection, comparisons of that kind of virus to similar past equivalency viral diseases including SARS and MERS, & multiple approaches which can be scheduled but are currently being implemented to minimize spread of contagious diseases in organizational citizenship, particularly in India. RESULTS:- According to an examination of many publications on route of transmission, the virus is very infectious and transmits by air droplets, frequent connection, and several conductive materials, and aerosol in the environment with high aerosol producing processes. It could also expand from both the uncomplicated and complicated phases, thus earlier detection is critical. This also mutates in diverse host conditions, thus various strains must be used in vaccine manufacturing. CONCLUSIONS:- Advance identification, social distance, quarantine or positive patients, and pulmonary hygiene are the major weaponry now known to cope with this virus until a suitable therapy or vaccination becomes available very soon, according to the findings. © The Electrochemical Society

Dynamic characteristics and transmission mechanism of China's natural gas security situation

Building the index system of China's natural gas security and measuring the index have important meanings for on-line monitoring of natural gas safety, vigilance against potential risks of natural gas and guarantee of energy security. This paper innovatively applies the DMA-TVP-FAVAR model to build China's natural gas security comprehensive index (NGSI) from a dynamic perspective and systematically reviews its dynamic characteristics and transmission mechanism combined with the EEMD method and BP structure breaks test. The main conclusions are as follows: Since 2001, NGSI has shown a wavelike decrease. Specifically, short-term unbalanced factors mainly cause short-term fluctuation of NGSI, the effects of significant events are the main driving force for medium-term fluctuation of NGSI, and natural gas supply and demand fundamentals are the long-term inherent trend of NGSI. Besides, different monetary policy tools have different efficiency on NGSI, and price-based monetary policy instruments are more effective than quantitative monetary policy instruments. © 2022, Editorial Board of Journal of Systems Engineering Society of China. All right reserved.

Document Classification with Termolator for COVID-19 Literature

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a multiplicity of research publications related to various aspects of coronavirus. Research topics range from COVID-19 transmission mechanisms to the public health response of various countries, and the publications need to be categorized for easier and more efficient access to resources. This paper explores various machine learning-based document classification techniques to categorize COVID-19 related literature. We integrate a novel terminology dictionary with machine learning models to study the dictionary's impact on the effectiveness of various classification techniques. We report a slight boost to F1 scores as a result of our modifications. © 2021 IEEE.